Weber ferguson approach pdf

A notable feature of bureaucracy is that relationships among individuals are governed through the system of official authority and rules. Official positions are free from personal involvement, emotions and sentiments. Thus, decisions are governed by rational factors rather than personal factors. This impersonality concept is used in dealing with organizational relations as well as relations between the organization and outsiders.

These characteristics and sample advantages include: a. Division of Labor: Labour is divided so that authority and responsibility are clearly defined. The division of labour assists workers in becoming experts in their jobs. The performance of employees improves considerably. Advantage—Efficiency will increase through specialization. Managerial Hierarchy: Offices or positions are organized in a hierarchy of authority. Formal Selection: All employees are selected on the basis of technical qualifications demonstrated by formal examination, education, or training.

The selection process and promotion procedures are based on merit and expertise. It assists in putting right persons on right jobs. There is optimum utilization of human resources. Advantage—Employees will be hired and promoted based on merit and expertise, thus, benefiting both them and their employer. Career Orientation. Formal Rules and Other Control: All employees are subject to formal rules and other controls regarding the performance of their duties.

The rules and procedures are decided for every work it leads to, consistency in employee behaviour. Since employees are bound to follow the rules etc. Advantage—Efficiency will increase as formal rules and other controls relating to employee performance are enforced. Impersonality: Rules and other controls are impersonal and uniformly applied in all cases. The enterprise does not suffer when some persons leave it. If one person leaves then some other occupies that place and the work does not suffer.

Advantage — When rules and other controls are applied impersonally and uniformly, involvement with personalities and personal preferences is avoided. Subordinates are thereby protected from arbitrary actions of their superior.

These include: a. Rules and other controls may take on significance of their own and, as consequence, become ends in themselves. Extreme devotion to rules and other controls may lead to situations in which past decisions are blindly repeated without appreciation or concern for changed conditions. Whereas delegation of authority to lower levels may increase operational effectiveness, it may also encourage an emphasis on subunit rather than overall goals, thereby prompting subunit conflict and decreasing effectiveness.

Although rules and other controls are intended to counter worker apathy, they may actually contribute to it by defining unacceptable behavior and, thus, specifying a minimum level of acceptable performance.

That is, it is possible, once rules have been defined, for employees to remain apathetic, for they now know just how little they can do and still remain secure. Unfortunately, a typical administrative response in such circumstances is to enact additional bureaucratic rules such as mandatory class attendance and, in turn, further aggravate an already poor situation.

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Md Roohia Follow. Distraction osteogenesis 5. Distraction osteogenesis. Distraction osteogenesis in maxillofacial surgery. Tumours of oral cavity. In most cases the infraorbital nerve is sacrificed to facilitate tumor removal. After tumor removal, the orbicularis oculi muscle is approximated with absorbable sutures.

The subcutaneous tissues are also closed with absorbable sutures, as is the orbicularis oris muscle. The vermillion border is reapproximated accurately and the skin is closed with fine nylon sutures.

Introduction The Weber Ferguson approach is indicated for access for tumors involving the maxilla extending superiorly to the infraorbital nerve and into or involving the orbit. Positioning The patient is placed in a supine position with the entire face prepared and draped into the surgical field.

Incision line The incision line is drawn through the vermillion border, along the filtrum of the lip, extending around the base of the nose or entering the nostril floor for a better esthetic result and along the facial nasal groove In the border of both esthetic units. The incision can be extended laterally or superiorly as necessary for tumor removal. Anaesthesia The tissue is infiltrated with local anaesthetic containing vasoconstrictor eg.